test of time
In recent decades, acupuncture has attracted extensive research spanning an astonishingly wide array of medical conditions, from chronic pain and neurological disorders to infectious diseases and psychiatric ailments. However, the proposed mechanisms of action—ranging from peripheral sensory stimulation to central nervous system modulation—fail to provide a coherent, biologically plausible explanation for efficacy across this disparate spectrum (Zhao et al., 2022; WHO, 2003).
The aim of this post is to examine the breadth of published acupuncture trials, delineate the leading scientific hypotheses for its mode of action, and outline the profound implausibility of these mechanisms universally applying to such varied pathologies, ultimately framing acupuncture as non-specific rather than a specific therapeutic modality (Meissner et al., 2019; Ernst, 2018).
Acupuncture has been subjected to thousands of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews across virtually every medical specialty. A comprehensive 2022 evidence map published in BMJ Open synthesized 120 systematic reviews, encompassing 1,402 individual RCTs and addressing 77 distinct conditions within 12 broad therapeutic categories (Zhao et al., 2022). These categories include neurological disorders, musculoskeletal conditions, cardiovascular diseases, and beyond, reflecting a research enthusiasm that transcends conventional biomedical boundaries.
Neurological applications dominate, with trials targeting stroke sequelae such as hemiplegia and aphasia, vascular dementia symptoms, migraines, tension headaches, and facial nerve palsies like Bell’s palsy (Li et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2022; WHO, 2003). Musculoskeletal trials are equally prolific, examining low back pain, knee osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis), sciatica, shoulder periarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even gouty arthritis (Li et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2022; Choi et al., 2019; Lam et al., 2020; WHO, 2003). Cardiovascular research has probed essential hypertension, primary hypotension, and pain from thromboangiitis obliterans (Shanghai Medical Clinic, 2025; WHO, 2003). Gynecological and obstetric domains feature prominently, including dysmenorrhea, labor induction, breech presentation correction, pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting, and fertility enhancement (e.g., improved clinical pregnancy rates in IVF protocols) (Zhao et al., 2022; Shanghai Medical Clinic, 2025; Smith et al., 2021; Carr, 2022; WHO, 2003).
Acupuncture trials also extend to psychiatric conditions like generalized anxiety disorder (especially in perimenopause), depression, and other mental disturbances (Zhao et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2025; WHO, 2003); respiratory issues such as allergic rhinitis and hay fever (Li et al., 2022; Shanghai Medical Clinic, 2025; WHO, 2003); gastrointestinal disorders including acute and chronic gastritis, biliary colic, and postoperative nausea/vomiting (Zhao et al., 2022; Shanghai Medical Clinic, 2025; WHO, 2003); urogenital and nephrological problems like renal colic and radiation-induced leucopenia (often in renal contexts) (Shanghai Medical Clinic, 2025; WHO, 2003); infectious diseases such as acute bacillary dysentery, pertussis (whooping cough), and epidemic hemorrhagic fever (WHO, 2003); pediatric applications, albeit more limited, for post-extubation pain relief and whooping cough (ClinicalTrials.gov, 2013; WHO, 2003); and oncology support for cancer-related fatigue and chemotherapy/radiation side effects (Zhao et al., 2022; Shanghai Medical Clinic, 2025). Additional niches include ear-nose-throat conditions (e.g., rhinitis), eye disorders, connective tissue diseases, metabolic/nutritional imbalances, and skin pathologies (Zhao et al., 2022; WHO, 2003).
This extraordinarily wide spectrum, drawn from seminal analyses like the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2003 review of controlled clinical trials (WHO, 2003) and Cochrane overviews on pain (Choi et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2011), clearly demonstrates that acupuncture is considered by its proponents to be a ‘cure all’. This begs the question whether such an assumption can be reasonable. The effect sizes are typically modest, and true acupuncture is often no different from sham interventions (e.g., superficial needling at non-acupoints), suggesting limited specific efficacy (Lee et al., 2011).
The scientific literature proposes a constellation of mechanisms to explain how acupuncture might work, integrating peripheral, spinal, supraspinal, and systemic processes. These are often conceptualized through the “Neural Acupuncture Unit” (NAU) model, which posits low-threshold mechanosensitive afferents (Aδ and C fibers) at acupoints converging with brain networks to elicit bidirectional signaling (Zhang et al., 2012).
- Peripheral and Local Mechanisms. Needle manipulation is claimed to induce immediate tissue responses: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown to adenosine activates A1 receptors, dampening nociceptor firing (Kelly & Suckley, 2016); axonal reflexes release neuropeptides like substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), modulating local inflammation; and stromal cells exhibit cytoskeleton remodeling, with collagen fibers “wrapping” around needles to propagate mechanical signals (Kelly & Suckley, 2016; Zhang et al., 2012; Li et al., 2025). The characteristic deqi sensation (aching, soreness) correlates with these events, potentially amplifying sensory input (Staud & Price, 2014).
- Spinal Cord Level. Ascending afferents are said to activate the gate control system, presynaptic inhibition, and diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC), releasing endogenous opioids (β-endorphin, enkephalins, dynorphins), serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine to suppress nociceptive transmission in the dorsal horn (Kelly & Suckley, 2016; Zhang et al., 2012; Staud & Price, 2014). This underpins analgesia and autonomic regulation, such as reduced sympathetic outflow (Kelly & Suckley, 2016).
- Central Nervous System Modulation. Functional neuroimaging (fMRI, PET) reveals deactivated limbic hyperactivity (amygdala, anterior cingulate), normalized hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, and enhanced prefrontal connectivity, particularly in pain, stress, and mood disorders (Kelly & Suckley, 2016; Zhang et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2025). Top-down expectancy modulates descending inhibitory pathways, integrating with reward and mirror neuron systems (Zhang et al., 2012).
- Systemic and Humoral Effects. Acupuncture is also thought to influence immune homeostasis by shifting cytokine profiles (e.g., ↑IL-10, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6), autonomic balance (vagal enhancement), and endocrine axes, providing a basis for visceral, metabolic, and inflammatory conditions (Kelly & Suckley, 2016; Li et al., 2025). Recent integrative studies emphasize network pharmacology, where multi-point stimulation perturbs interconnected pathways (Li et al., 2025).
These potential mechanisms have been empirically observed in animal models and/or human imaging studies. They might offer a partial rationale, primarily for analgesia and stress-related syndromes (Kelly & Suckley, 2016; Zhang et al., 2012). The question, however, is whethr they can provide a full explanation for acupuncture’s efficacy in all the above-named conditions.
No synthesis of these mechanisms plausibly accounts for acupuncture’s claimed benefits across unrelated conditions, exposing a core scientific paradox. Musculoskeletal pain might align with local adenosine/opioid effects and spinal gating (Kelly & Suckley, 2016), but how do these explain microbial clearance in bacillary dysentery, hypertensive vascular remodeling, or synaptic imbalances in major depression? (Meissner et al., 2019; Ernst, 2018). Gynecological infertility involves ovarian endocrinology, distant from needle-evoked sensory cues; infectious pertussis implicates Bordetella immunity, not HPA modulation (WHO, 2003; Meissner et al., 2019). This biological implausibility echoes homeopathy critiques: a single intervention cannot verifiably target such heterogeneous pathophysiologies without invoking non-specific forces (Fabrizio et al., 2010).
Trial data reinforce these doubts: meta-analyses consistently show that verum acupuncture is hardly different from sham acupuncture, and sham elicit up to 80% of verum’s effects (Kelly & Suckley, 2016; Meissner et al., 2019; Fabrizio et al., 2010; Kaptchuk et al., 2013). Such considerations implicate patient and therapist expectations, therapeutic ritual, and patient-practitioner alliance as the true mechanism behing the observed outcomes (Meissner et al., 2019; Kaptchuk et al., 2013). Neuroimaging effects often mirror expectancy manipulations in non-needling studies, suggesting top-down confounds (Fabrizio et al., 2010). Lab phenomena (e.g., adenosine release) occur but yield trivial clinical effects, dwarfed by psychosocial amplification (Fabrizio et al., 2010).
Acupuncture’s elaborate ritual maximizes contextual healing, outperforming inert pills but lacking disease-modifying specificity (Meissner et al., 2019; Ernst, 2018). Paradoxes abound—positive preclinical signals evaporate in blinded RCTs; cultural bias inflates Asian trial positives; poor sham penetration and blinding failures perpetuate illusions (Fabrizio et al., 2010; Ernst, 2018). For non-pain conditions, evidence thins further, with publication bias and flexible outcome reporting inflating apparent successes (Fabrizio et al., 2010).
Acupuncture carries risks including minor issues like bleeding, needle site pain, vegetative reactions (e.g., dizziness or nausea), and symptom aggravation, alongside rarer serious events such as pneumothorax, infections, or organ injury. Overall, at least one adverse event in 9.31% of patients undergoing a treatment series or 7.57% of treatments, with half of these being mild local reactions. Serious adverse events seem to be uncommon. Reliable prevalence figures do not exist because there is no adequate surveillance system in place (Ernst 2006).
Acupuncture’s trial proliferation signals cultural and patient-driven demand rather than mechanistic or evidential triumph. Its broad therapeutic claims by far overreach evidence (Staud & Price, 2014). Rigorous advancement would require objective biomarkers (e.g., cytokine assays, EEG), dose-response optimization, adaptive sham designs, and large pragmatic trials stratifying contextual from specific effects (Zhang et al., 2012; Fabrizio et al., 2010). Until compelling evidence exists, acupuncture remains a testament to human suggestibility’s power, but not a biomedical panacea.
References
- Carr, D. (2022). Acupuncture as Treatment for Female Infertility. Medical Acupuncture, 34(1), 12-21.
- Choi, D., et al. (2019). Cochrane reviews on acupuncture therapy for pain: a snapshot of the current evidence. Systematic Reviews, 8, 231.
- ClinicalTrials.gov. (2013). Pediatric Laser Acupuncture and Renal Biopsy (NCT01879826).
- Ernst, E. (2006). Acupuncture–a critical analysis. J Intern Med, 259(2):125-37.
- Ernst, E. (2018). Acupuncture Research: The Problem. Pain Medicine, 19(6), 1287-1288.
- Fabrizio, P., et al. (2010). Paradoxes in Acupuncture Research: Strategies for Moving Forward. Explore (NY), 6(4), 231-239.
- Kaptchuk, T. J., et al. (2013). Are All Placebo Effects Equal? Placebo Pills, Sham Acupuncture, or Placebo Needle in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 8(7), e67485.
- Kelly, R., & Suckley, S. (2016). Mechanisms of acupuncture. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 20, 1-11.
- Lam, M., et al. (2020). Acupuncture and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. Medical Acupuncture, 32(6), 357-366.
- Lee, M. S., et al. (2011). Acupuncture for pain: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 17(3), 187-189.
- Li, T., et al. (2022). Evidence on acupuncture therapies is underused in clinical practice. Frontiers in Medicine.
- Li, Y., et al. (2025). Integrative research on the mechanisms of acupuncture. Neural Regeneration Research.
- Meissner, K., et al. (2019). Acupuncture for the Treatment of Pain – A Mega-Placebo? Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 1119.
- Shanghai Medical Clinic. (2025). WHO Approved Acupuncture List of Conditions.
- Smith, C. A., et al. (2021). An Overview of Systematic Reviews of Acupuncture for Respiratory Diseases. Frontiers in Public Health.
- Staud, R., & Price, D. D. (2014). Acupuncture therapy: mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety. International Review of Neurobiology, 111, 171-189.
- Wang, L., et al. (2025). Possible antidepressant mechanism of acupuncture. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 19, 1512073.
- WHO. (2003). Acupuncture: Review and Analysis of Reports on Controlled Clinical Trials.
- Zhang, R., et al. (2012). Neural Acupuncture Unit: A New Concept for Interpreting Effects and Mechanisms of Acupuncture. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 429412.
- Zhang, Y., et al. (2025). Patient-reported outcome tools of acupuncture clinical trials. Journal of Pain Research.
- Zhao, C., et al. (2022). Evidence mapping and overview of systematic reviews of the effects of acupuncture therapies. BMJ Open, 12(6), e056803.
This year’s ‘Christmas issue’ of the BMJ comes with a remarkable editorial. Please allow me to quote a few passages from it:
We live in a world of lies, damned lies, and AI hallucinations. A US publication calculated that Donald Trump told 30 573 lies during his first term as president. Trump is neither alone nor atypical—except that his rate of lying and the thickness of his brass neck may be unprecedented…
We live in the era of the Big Lie. The more powerful you are, the bigger the lie you can tell. Nobody holds you to account. We no longer call lies “lies”: they are alternative facts, different versions of the truth, and—in perhaps the most sinister twist—hallucinations. Our old fashioned, and possibly unfashionable, view … is that words and facts do matter…
… the term “hallucination” deserves greater scrutiny. An AI hallucination is a fabrication, a lie, a bullshit. Why does it earn such a soft name, which seeks to hide the failure or error rate of an AI tool? The answer inevitably lies in money. Tech guru and science fiction writer Cory Doctorow argues that tech companies’ primary interest is to convince investors and markets of their relentless growth. Hype about AI’s capabilities sells. Hallucinations cover its failures…
As we end the year of the Big Lie, what’s clear is that the world isn’t ruled by citizens. It never was. It’s no longer ruled by the great religions, although they may delude themselves that it is. Nor is it primarily ruled, hubris aside, by politicians or dictators. Without a doubt—and more clearly than ever before—the world bows to the power of the corporation. Hail the multinational, the conglomerate. All hail the tech bros. We live in their age of surveillance capitalism. There are many words for this unspoken calamity, but “hallucination” is regrettably not one of them.
Inspriewed by these words, I decided to list some of the biggest lies from the world of so-called alternative medicine (SCAM) as they emerged during 2025. Here they are together with some ot the blog posts that disclosed them:
- HOMEOPATHY CURES CANCER Homeopathy as a therapy for cancer? A new review from India, Homeopathy in the Fight Against Breast Cancer: ANOTHER DEATH BY HOMEOPATHY, Finally! The long-awaited ‘retraction notice’ of the infamous study by Frass et al (on homeopathy for cancer) has been published
- TRADITIONAL USAGE GUARANTEES SAFETY Kampo-induced liver injury: A case report and a systematic review
- CHIROPRACTIC IS HARMLESS Katie May died after chiropractic manipulation – but that’s not the chiro’s fault, claims chiro Steven P. Brown, Death following chiropractic neck manipulation, a rare event?, “Horrifying truth about chiropractors and why paralysis, strokes and deaths are far more common than you’d imagine”, Chiropractic Manipulation: Two Months in Bed With Pain and a Herniated a Disc, nother stroke following chiropractic neck manipulation, “After seeing the chiropractor, I was seeing things and blacking out”, Chiropractic spinal manipulation: what harm can it cause?, Patient suffers spinal bleed after chiropractor visit, Acute Spinal Epidural Hematoma: A Serious Complication of Chiropractic Therapy
- HOMEOPATHY IS INCREASINGLY POPULAR Homeopathy continues its retreat in Germany, A change of mind: The German Green Party is now against the reimbursement of homeopathy
- THE GCC IS FIT FOR PURPOSE Following the death of a young woman, the UK General Chiropractic Council received a ‘Prevent Future Deaths’ report
- THE SCAM INDUSTRY IS BENIGN The “dark underbelly” of the alternative health industry
- VARIOUS FORMS OF ENERGY HEALING ARE EFFECTIVE Faith-healing: US parents were convicted of child-abuse and murder, Is Reiki effective for postmenopausal symptoms? No, I’m afraid not!, Non- Physical Beings Assisting in Reiki Sessions: is this the most impressive BS of the year?, Healing crystals: do they work beyond placebo? … Short answer: No, Distant Reiki for Health and Wellbeing of Dogs – WHAT IS NEXT?, Impact of ‘biofield energy’ treatment on broiler chicken growth performance, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, and meat quality, Reiki for postmenopausal symptoms? No, thanks!, Qigong for Well-Being in Pregnancy?, A placebo-controlled, randomized trial confirms: REIKI IS BOGUS!
- HOMEOPATHY IS EVIDENCE-BASED The “SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE ON HOMEOPATHY”: does this amount to scientific misconduct?, The Mechanism of Action of Homeopathy! … Someone please inform the Nobel Prize Committee, The role of homeopathy in managing 50 common conditions, The (In)Effectiveness of Homeopathic Remedies in Treating Respiratory Infections, The absurdity of homeopathy, homeopaths and their arguments, Homeopathy for odontogenic infections?, A new study of agrohomeopathy – will it change the hitherto negative evidence?, Homoeopathy as a Complementary Approach to Migraine Management? No, thanks!, A Brazilian cow with cancer cured by homeopathy?, COMIC RELIEF: “The Principle of Homeopathy”, Homeopathy in chronic disease management: a “critical” review of the evidence, “Homeopathy addresses anemia’s complexities with finesse”
- SCAM IS ETHICAL Legal And Ethical Challenges of So-Called Alternative Medicine, Why homeopaths cannot possibly obtain informed consent from their patients, The Nuremberg Code: is it being followed by researchers of so-called alternative medicine (SCAM)?
- ACUPUNCTURE IS A PANACEA Acupuncture for the Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, The characteristics and essence of meridians and acupoints (or: How the ‘Flat Earth Society’ can demonstrate that our planet has the shape of a disc), Acupuncture for Patients With Major Depressive Disorder? No, definitely no!
In SCAM, we live indeed in the era of the Big Lie, and not just since 2025! I will continue to do my best in disclosing untruths and farauds in 2026 and [I hope] beyond.
Why?
Mainly because I want to prevent harm done to vulnerable patients.
It is a long time ago; I guess some 25 years. I had received an invitation by the German Green Party to give a lecture in Hannover on so-called alternative medicine (SCAM). As I wanted to re-visit Hannover (I had lived there for 2 happy years), I accepted. Little had I foreseen that the Greens were fans of homeopathy. Thus, they were irritated by me stating that homeopathy was far from evidence-based and could even quite dangerous under certain circumstances. Needless to say, that I never again received an invitation from the Greens!
Ever since, the German Greens have stuck to their conviction that homeopathy is the best thing since sliced bread. But, as I have stated countless times: the evidence will always prevail. No matter how strong the belief, in healthcare, science is stronger; it might take a long time, but the evidence will win the argument.
As it turns out, I was not far off! Here is the news that was recently reported in the ‘Bild Zeitung’ (my translation):
After years of wrangling, everything suddenly happened very quickly: at the Green Party conference in Hanover, delegates cleared up a highly controversial issue. In future, statutory health insurance funds will no longer pay for homeopathic treatments. A turning point for the environmental and eco-friendly party!
This was preceded by a brief, factual discussion late on Friday evening. Many Greens had previously been almost ashamed that the issue was even up for discussion – the debate had been so heated and the fronts so entrenched. In addition, the general consensus was that it was time to ‘look ahead’ – a renewed debate about globules, Bach flowers and mother tinctures seemed long outdated to many.
Now, Berlin pharmacist Cedrik Schamberger (Tempelhof-Schöneberg district association) has prevailed. “The solidarity community should not pay for therapies whose effectiveness beyond the placebo effect has not been scientifically proven,” stated the motion initiated by Schamberger. Furthermore, reimbursement by health insurance companies suggests that homeopathic remedies are effective; this “misleading of patients” must be stopped. Schamberger: “A policy based on superstition is neither fair nor sustainable.”
Not everyone was willing to accept this. Homeopathic services would cost health insurance companies “only” 22 million euros per year (as of 2021), argued former Bundestag member and current federal treasurer Manuela Rottmann (53). She called for a discussion of the “real” problems instead.
The majority of party conference participants saw things differently. The fact that homeopathy is paid for, but contraceptives are not, is a “real” problem, another delegate called out in the hall.
The current decision could only backfire on one person: Cem Özdemir (59), who wants to become Minister President of Baden-Württemberg. The state is home to several large companies that specialize in homeopathy. However, the Swabian has so far done well to distance himself from his party’s course (combustion engines out, migration policy) – so he would just have to continue as before.
No, I do not think that it was my lecture of ~25 years ago that did the trick. As already mentioned, I am convinced that, in healthcare, evidence will prevail.
BETTER LATE THAN NEVER!
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a widely hyped herbal panacea that we have discussed several times previously, e.g.:
- Ashwagandha, an Ayurvedic wonder herb?
- Are herbal remedies the answer to hair loss?
- Ayurvedic medicine in the management of hypertension: how to kill millions with quackery and bullshit
- Why does the BBC mislead the public on matters related to so-called alternative medicine (SCAM)?
Although it is generally considered safe, rare adverse neurological effects may occur. This paper presents the case of a previously healthy adult male who developed acute-onset dystonia following the initiation of Ashwagandha supplementation.
A 40-year-old Asian male presented to the neurology outpatient clinic with a two-week history of intermittent abnormal neck movements, sustained conjugate ocular deviation to the left, and unsteady gait. His symptoms were characterized by painful involuntary neck muscle contractions, transient speech difficulty (aphonia), and episodes of sustained eye deviation. According to his wife, he also experienced intermittent delayed responsiveness and several near-falls, veering unpredictably while walking.
The onset of these symptoms had occurred approximately one week after initiating daily self-administration of a commercially available Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) supplement. He had taken it for a total of 25 days prior to presentation, primarily to alleviate stress and improve sleep. He denied recent infections, fever, head trauma, seizures, alcohol or recreational drug use, or exposure to known neurotoxins. There was no history of psychiatric illness, and he was not on any chronic prescription medications except for intermittent use of diazepam 2.5 mg twice daily for anxiety, which he had started before initiating Ashwagandha and had not recently adjusted. His past medical history was significant for hyperlipidemia, for which he was not actively treated. Family history was notable for premature coronary artery disease. There was no personal or family history of movement disorders or neuropsychiatric conditions. Extensive diagnostic evaluation failed to identify an alternative etiology. Discontinuation of Ashwagandha and initiation of symptomatic treatment led to the resolution of symptoms.
The authors concluded that this case underscores the importance of considering herbal supplements as potential contributors to neurological presentations.
The active constituents of the plant, withanolides and alkaloids, have been shown to modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor activity, reduce cortisol levels, and exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. Whether these effects explain the present case seems doubtful. One might even doubt that a causal link exists at all. What is beyond doubt, however, is the fact that traditional herbal remedies can cause serious problems either because of their active ingredients, contaminations, adulteerations, or interactions with synthetic drugs.
My advice, therefore, is to be cautious and to disbelief the often-voiced notions that its long tradition of usage or its naturalness means that a treatment is risk-free.
It is not often that you find me laughing out loudly while reading a medical paper. This study, entitled “The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Acute Prescribing in Homeopathy: A Comparative Retrospective Study” achieves exactly that. Allow me to share its abstract with you:
The use of artificial intelligence to assist in medical applications is an emerging area of investigation and discussion. The researchers studied whether there was a difference between homeopathy guidance provided by artificial intelligence (AI) (automated) and live professional practitioners (live) for acute illnesses. Additionally, the study explored the practical challenges associated with validating AI tools used for homeopathy and sought to generate insights on the potential value and limitations of these tools in the management of acute health complaints. Method: Randomly selected cases at a homeopathy teaching clinic (n = 100) were entered into a commercially available homeopathic remedy finder to investigate the consistency between automated and live recommendations. Client symptoms, medical disclaimers, remedies, and posology were compared. The findings of this study show that the purpose-built homeopathic remedy finder is not a one-to-one replacement for a live practitioner. Result: In the 100 cases compared, the automated online remedy finder provided between 1 and 20 prioritized remedy recommendations for each complaint, leaving the user to make the final remedy decision based on how well their characteristic symptoms were covered by each potential remedy. The live practitioner-recommended remedy was included somewhere among the auto-mated results in 59% of the cases, appeared in the top three results in 37% of the cases, and was a top remedy match in 17% of the cases. There was no guidance for managing remedy responses found in live clinical settings.
In true homeopathic fashion, the authors drew concise conclusions:
Limitations aside, this study is the first to compare the recommendations of live homeopathy practitioners to an online automated remedy finder. Overall, the automated remedy finder provided a clear framework for acute prescribing by asking targeted questions for a limited set of acute complaints that can safely be treated at home, with basic guidance on how to take the remedy and built-in warnings for when to seek care from a licensed health care provider. The automated remedy finder was not able to go beyond basic recommendations in these areas, however, so commonly encountered situations in ‘real-world’ acute case management—such as remedy aggravations and potency stalls—were not covered.
The primary aim of this study, which was to compare remedy recommendations between an automated remedy finder and a live practitioner, showed significant gaps between live and automated remedy recommendations. Even in cases of remedy overlap, the final remedy differentiation is left to the user, who is asked to analyze his/her symptoms against the characteristics of anywhere between 1 and 20 remedy recommendations. This finding—let alone the additional skills necessary to successfully manage a case once a remedy is chosen—demonstrates that at present there is no equivalent substitute for a guided homeopathic interview from a live practitioner that results in a single remedy recommendation that can be altered as needed depending on the remedy response.
There is a potential role for more advanced AI tools to be employed in homeopathic prescribing. Emerging AI technology has the potential to compile feedback from real-world remedy responses, providing for the possibility of validation. The potential of emerging AI technology to assist in sifting through large amounts of literature and to “learn” based on feedback from remedy recommendations provides the possibility for evidence-based prescribing that could move the profession forward, most likely in the context of acute complaints. As a consequence, there are innumerable further future research investigations that emerge. Replicating the aim of this research using large language models is an obvious next step. Investigating the challenges of training of LLMs is another. The privacy concerns of using real world health data are a clear challenge.
The investigators did not assume that the online remedy finder used for this study is comparable to other commercially available remedy finders. Future investigations could reveal significant differences between different commercial products. However, the structural questions about the nature of complaints covered, how to elicit valuable answers to questions in a way that points to potentially supportive remedies, how to incorporate feedback to improve model accuracy, and patient safety/case management limitations would have been applicable to any model investigated. The purpose of this study, therefore, was not to evaluate a specific remedy finder but rather to explore the phenomenon of AI in homeopathy and begin a discussion.
As artificial intelligence tools continue to evolve, there are important considerations for homeopathic prescribing. While there are exciting possibilities, it will be important to find ways to take advantage of the things that AI tools can do well without sacrificing the things that only homeopathic practitioners are uniquely positioned to do.
Allow me to suggest a conclusion that is a little shorter and more relevant:
Whether performed by a homeopaths, AI or anything else, homeopathic remedy finding is a process that is random, irreproducible, unscientific, implausible and meaningless. In terms of its accuracy, it is comparable to tea leaf readings, palmistry, iridology, astrology, etc. This fact highlights yet again the utter absurdity of homeopathy as a form of healthcare.
We have often discussed the fact that chiropractic does not offer an effective option of healthcare. This begs the question, if it’s not healthcare, what is it? DD Palmer, the inventor of chiropractic, was tempted by the idea of turning it into a religion. In a way, this makes sense. As we all know, religions are not based on evidence, they are based on powerful beliefs – and so is chiropractic! Thus the concept of chiropractic as a religion might be less far-fetched as it seems at first glance.
Here is an excerpt of a letter by DD Palmer of May 1911, the period where he was very much into the religious idea:
…I occupy in chiropractic a similar position as did Mrs. Eddy in Christian Science. Mrs. Eddy claimed to receive her ideas from the other world and so do I. She founded theron a religion, so may I. I am THE ONLY ONE IN CHIROPRACTIC WHO CAN DO SO…
You ask, what I think will be the final outcome of our law getting. It will be that we will have to build a boat similar to Christian Science and hoist a religious flag. I have received chiropractic from the other world, similar as did Mrs. Eddy. No other one has laid claim to that, NOT EVEN B.J.
Exemption clauses instead of chiro laws by all means, and LET THAT EXEMPTION BE THE RIGHT TO PRACTICE OUR RELIGION. But we must have a religious head, one who is the founder, as did Christ, Mohamed, Jo. Smith, Mrs. Eddy, Martin Luther and other who have founded religions. I am the fountain head. I am the founder of chiropractic in its science, in its art, in its philosophy and in its religious phase. Now, if chiropractors desire to claim me as their head, their leader, the way is clear. My writings have been gradually steering in that direction until now it is time to assume that we have the same right to as has Christian Scientists.
Oregon is free to Chiropractors. California gives Chiropractors only one chance, that of practicing our religion.
The protective policy of the U.C.A. is O.K., but that of religion is far better. The latter can only be assumed by having a leader, a head, a person who has received chiropractic as a science, as an art, as a philosophy and as a religion. Do you catch on?
The policy of the U.C.A. is the best that B.J. can be at the head of, BUT THE RELIGIOUS MOVE IS FAR BETTER, but we must incorporate under the man who received the principles of chiropractic from the other world, who wrote the book of all chiropractic books, who today has much new matter, valuable, which is not contained in that book.
If you will watch my book closely as you read, you will find it has a religion contained in it, altho I do not so name it.
If either of the Davenport schools would take advantage of practicing our religion founded by D.D. Palmer, it will make the way of chiropractic as easy as it was for the S.C.’s…
I feel that, of the many daft and dangerous ideas of Palmer, this one is more plausible and viable than the rest (had he not died several months later, he might have succeeded with his plan). The concept of chiropractic as a religion explains the chiropractors’ stubborn rejection of science, evidence, rationality, etc. as well as their often fanatic belief in their actions. And, of course, it makes the many weird comments of chiropractors on my blog appear in an entirely different light.
The present paper described a rare and lethal adverse event following leech therapy. A 63-year-old man was referred to Nemazee Teaching Hospital (Shiraz, Iran) in December 2020 with a two-week history of progressive right lower extremity swelling, erythema, and ecchymosis. One week before symptom onset, he had undergone leech therapy on the lateral calf and upper thigh of the right lower extremity, administered by a traditional healer.
Physical examination revealed gangrene of the right leg and absence of all pulses. Color Doppler sonography of the leg and computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the thoracic aorta to the lower extremities revealed complete thrombosis of all right lower extremity arteries, extending to the right iliac artery and abdominal aorta. With a diagnosis of arterial occlusive disease and septic thrombophlebitis, the patient received intravenous antibiotics and anticoagulant therapy. Due to the ineffectiveness of medical treatments, a right lower extremity amputation was
performed.
The patient expired 5 days postoperatively due to septic shock and multiorgan failure.
The adverse effects of leech therapy include:
- Infection: Leeches can introduce bacteria like Aeromonas hydrophila into the wound, potentially causing infections
- Allergic reactions: Some people may be allergic to leech saliva, which can cause an allergic reaction
- Prolonged bleeding: Leeches inject an anticoagulant, which can lead to prolonged bleeding at the site of the bite
- Scarring: Leech bites can leave scars
- Anemia: In rare cases, excessive bleeding caused by leeches can lead to anemia
- Pain or discomfort at the site of the leech bite
- Swelling or redness around the bite area
- Itching or rash after the leech is removed
- Potential for transmission of diseases
- Psychological distress or anxiety related to the use of leeches
The effect of leech therapy consists mainly in the anticoagulation due to the hiriduin from the leech (it is also advocated for ‘detox’ [which is nonsense] and for pain [where the effect is too small to matter]). I would argue that this desired effect is achievable more safely by conventional means and that the risk/benefit balance of leech therapy is squarely negative.
In other words: don’t do it!
Many consumers hold a positive or neutral view of homeopathy. This is primarily because they don’t fully understand what it is, how absurd its assumptions really are, and how dangerous the homeopathic approach to healthcare truly is. A very common misconception, for instance, is that homeopathy is a natural and/or herbal treatment. However, both assumptions are mistaken. Homeopathic remedies are often not derived from natural or herbal substances (see below), and most are so highly diluted they contain no active substance at all. For those who value rational thought, this characteristic alone renders homeopathy utterly absurd.
The “absurdity” of homeopathy stems from several aspects:
- Claims that defy basic scientific principles: Proponents often assert a belief in “water memory” as the mechanism for remedies diluted beyond Avogadro’s number, meaning not a single original molecule remains. This operates outside the realm of scientific reality.
- Attributing any positive outcome to homeopathy: Homeopathy is often credited with curing serious conditions, despite lacking a plausible mechanism. This ignores natural recovery, the placebo effect, or concurrent conventional treatments.
- Dismissing scientific criticism as “Big Pharma conspiracy”: Some proponents frequently use this trope to invalidate negative scientific findings rather than engaging with evidence.
- Making outlandish claims about what homeopathy can cure: Some proponents claim efficacy for virtually everything, including severe infectious diseases, cancer, or even as a substitute for vaccinations. This is widely considered irresponsible and dangerous.
- Using pseudoscientific jargon: Terms like “energetic vibrations,” “quantum fields,” or “miasms” are often employed without clear, testable scientific definitions.
While it’s difficult and perhaps even unfair to name prominent exponents of these absurdities, certain types of proponents and their arguments are easily identified:
- Those who reject conventional medicine entirely for homeopathy: These individuals promote a “gentle” and “holistic” approach, often viewing conventional medicine as harsh and reductionist. This stance can tragically lead patients to forgo evidence-based treatments for serious illnesses (e.g., cancer, severe infections, diabetes) in favor of homeopathy, which has no proven specific effect. The belief that homeopathy alone suffices for all ailments, regardless of severity, is dangerously unscientific.
- Proponents of “new” or “extreme” provings and remedies: These homeopaths expand the materia medica to include unusual substances. Some conduct “provings” (testing remedies on healthy individuals) with incredibly abstract or implausible “substances” like emotions, dreams, vacuum, X-rays, cosmic energies, or even highly diluted Coca-Cola or parts of the Berlin Wall. The idea that these could be potentized into remedies with specific effects moves into the realm of fantasy rather than scientific inquiry.
- Those making grand claims about “water memory” or “quantum healing”: These individuals attempt to provide a theoretical basis for homeopathy that goes beyond the known laws of physics and chemistry. Their explanations often involve misinterpretations or misapplications of complex scientific concepts (like quantum mechanics or the structure of water) to justify a mechanism for which there is no evidence. They frequently speak of “information transfer” or “energetic imprints” without any empirical way to measure or verify these phenomena. The scientific consensus is that such claims are pseudoscientific.
- Promoters of homeopathic “vaccinations” or alternatives to proven public health measures: Offering what they claim are “natural” and “safer” alternatives to conventional vaccines is perhaps one of the most dangerous forms of advocacy. Promoting “homeopathic nosodes” (highly diluted disease products) as equivalents to vaccines is scientifically unfounded and can put individuals and communities at risk by fostering vaccine hesitancy and reducing herd immunity. Public health bodies universally condemn such practices.
Many homeopaths are, in my experience, entirely sincere in their beliefs and genuinely hope to help people (they will even feel ‘hard done by’ when reading this post). However, it’s crucial to remember, I think, that sincerity does not make a charlatan less, but more, dangerous. I have long felt that, if consumers truly understood what homeopathy is all about, their attitude towards it would dramatically change.
Wet cupping therapy (hijama), a traditional medicine practice, holds religious and cultural significance, particularly in Middle Eastern and Islamic societies. However, this practice can lead to serious complications, particularly when performed under inappropriate conditions or by unqualified individuals. This paper presents a case in which sudden cardiac death occurred following a hijama performed by an unlicensed practitioner on a patient diagnosed with ischemic stroke and a bladder tumor.
A 40-year-old male patient had hijama applied to different parts of his body on consecutive days. In the case review, it was determined that this may have contributed to hemodynamic instability and potentially precipitated sudden cardiac arrest due to cumulative blood loss and stress. Autopsy findings revealed myocardial fibrosis associated with previous myocardial infarction, and no other acute toxicological or pathological findings were present. While a direct causal link cannot be definitively proven, the close temporal association, forensic assessment, and lack of alternative causes suggest a plausible connection between the hijama procedure and the fatal outcome.
The authors concluded that this case underscores the importance of performing invasive traditional medicine practices under appropriate conditions and by authorized healthcare professionals. Raising awareness among the public and healthcare workers about such practices and ensuring the effective enforcement of legal regulations is critical to preventing potential complications.
Wet cupping involves scarring the skin at multiple sites and subsequently placing a vacuum cups on the areas. This would suck blood from the microcirculation of the skin into the cups. The total volume of blood is usually small relative to the ~5L a human body contains. It seems thus unlikely that it can contribute to hemodynamic instability in healthy individuals. However, the above patient was far from healthy. Thus, the procedure might indeed have contributed to his death.
This effect is likely to be an extremely rare event. Yet, it is worth remembering that wet cupping has other adverse effects that are much more frequent:
- It is painful.
- It can lead to nasty infections.
- It can leave unsightly scars.
Even more important is, I think, the fact that wet cupping has no or very few benefits. This means its risk/benefit balance fails to be positive. And, in turn, this means, that we should discourage people from using it.
I don’t know whether you noticed but everyone seems to be going on about the new wonder SCAM (so-called alternative medicine) ‘BLACK SEED OIL’ (BSO). If you go on the Internet, you’ll find all sorts of health claims for it, e.g.:
- -Reduces Inflammation
- -High in Antioxidants
- -Can Lower Cholesterol
- -Helps to Fight Cancer
- -Can Kill Off Bacteria
- -Balances Blood Sugar
- -Helps to Lower Blood Pressure
Interesting?
I am – as always – doutful. Nonetheless, I had a look at BSO to find out more.
BSO (also known as black caraway, black cumin or kalonji oil) is derived from the tiny black seeds of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) that grows in hot areas like Eastern Europe, Northern African, and Southwestern Asia, etc. The Wikipedia entry states that “despite considerable use of N. sativa in traditional medicine practices in Africa and Asia, there is insufficient high-quality clinical evidence to indicate that consuming the seeds or oil can be used to treat human diseases”.
But Wiki is often not up-to-date, and I therefore looked into Medline. To my surprise, I found research to be extraordinarily active.
Nigella sativa contains several phytochemical compounds, such as thymoquinone, p-cymene, α-thujene, longifolene, β-pinene, α-pinene, and carvacrol. They confer an antioxidant effect to the seeds, leading to a potent anti-inflammatory effect. Particularly, thymoquinone increases the levels of antioxidant enzymes that counter oxidative stress in the liver. Additionally, the essential oil in N. sativa seeds effectively inhibits intestinal parasites and shows moderate activity against some bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Thymoquinone exhibits minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8-16 μg/mL against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and exhibits MIC 0.25 µg/mL against drug-resistant mycobacteria. Similarly, quercetin shows a MIC of 2 mg/mL against oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Furthermore, endophytic fungi isolated from N. sativa have demonstrated antibacterial activity. Further mechanisms involve inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting migration and invasion. N Sativa supplementation significantly decreases serum C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and malondialdehyde levels. It also improves total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase levels.
But these effects do not neccessarily mean that BSO is clinically effective for any condition, particularly in view of its low bioavailability. So, what does the clinical evidence tell us? Here are just 9 of the most recent studies and reviews:
- This study aimed to investigate the possible beneficial cardioprotective effect of Nigella sativa in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Sixty children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes were randomized into two groups: group I (n = 30) who received Nigella sativa seed oil 450 mg twice daily after meals for 3 months in addition to insulin, and group II (n = 30) who received insulin alone. Echocardiographic examinations were performed before and after the treatment. The lipid profile, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, and troponin I were also measured before and after Nigella sativa treatment. After 3 months of Nigella sativa administration, group I had significantly lower cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, and troponin I levels compared with their pretreatment levels and compared with group II. In addition, group I had a significantly higher left ventricular E’/A’ ratio and two-dimensional left ventricular global longitudinal strain (2D-LV GLS) compared with baseline values and compared with group II after treatment. Conclusions: Nigella sativa can improve subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
- This study evaluated the effects of Nigella sativa L. extract on glycemia among adolescents with PCOS. This secondary analysis used data from a randomized controlled trial conducted between March 2022 and March 2023. One hundred sixteen adolescent girls aged 12-18 years with PCOS were randomized into two groups. The intervention group received 1000 mg/day of Nigella sativa extract for 16 weeks, while the control group received 10 mg/day of medroxyprogesterone for 10 days per menstrual cycle over the same period. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and one- and two-hour post-prandial glucose levels were measured at baseline and after the intervention. 103 completed the study (50 in the Nigella sativa group and 53 in the control group). At baseline, there were no significant differences in FPG (p = 0.294), though the control group had higher one-hour (p = 0.002) and two-hour (p = 0.006) post-prandial glucose levels. Post-intervention, significant interaction effects were observed for FPG (p = 0.004) and two-hour post-prandial glucose (p = 0.023), indicating more significant reductions in the Nigella sativa group compared to the control group. Conclusions: Considering the observed effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on FPG and two-hour post-prandial glucose, it may offer a complementary approach to managing glycemia in adolescent PCOS. However, further research is warranted.
- This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) sought to evaluate the effects of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) consumption on glycemic index in adults. A systematic literature search up to December 2023 was completed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify eligible RCTs. Random effects models were assessed based on the heterogeneity tests, and pooled data were determined as weighted mean differences with a 95 % confidence interval. Finally, a total of 30 studies were found to be eligible for this meta-analysis. The pooled results using random effects model indicated that N. sativa supplementation significantly reduced FBS (SMD: -1.71; 95 % CI: -2.11, -1.31, p <0.001; I2= 92.7 %, p-heterogeneity <0.001) and HA1c levels (SMD: -2.16; 95 % CI: -3.04, -1.29, p <0.001; I2= 95.7 %, p-heterogeneity <0.001) but not effect on insulin (SMD = 0.48; 95 % CI: -0.53, 1.48, P = 0.353; I2= 96.1 %, p-heterogeneity <0.001), and HOMA-IR (SMD: -0.56; 95 % CI: -1.47, 0.35, p=0.229; I2= 95.0 %, p-heterogeneity <0.001). Conclusion: the evidence supports the consumption of N. sativa to reduce FBS and HA1c levels. Additional research, featuring extended durations and robust study designs, is necessary to determine the ideal dosage and duration of N. sativa supplementation for achieving a positive impact on glycemic markers.
- In this systematic review, the objective is to assess the effects of Nigella Sativa on parameters that reflect metabolic syndromes, such as lipid profile, blood pressure, blood glucose, and anthropometry indices. Six out of 8 randomised controlled trials (n:776) demonstrated a significant improvement in lipid profile (p <0.05), 5 out of 7 trials (n:701) showed a significant reduction in glycaemic indices (p <0.05), 1 out of 5 trials (n:551) demonstrated significant improvements in blood pressure (p <0.05), and 2 out of 7 trials (n:705) showed a significant reduction in anthropometric measurements (p <0.05). Conclusion: Nigella Sativa has proved to have a significant positive effect on lipid profile and glycaemic index. The results showed in the parameters of blood pressure and anthropometric indices are less convincing, as results were inconsistent across studies. Nigella Sativa can therefore be recommended as an adjunct therapy for metabolic syndrome.
- This study was designed to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) symptoms and their severity in adolescents. The current randomized clinical trial was conducted on 114 adolescents with PCOS who were referred to gynecologist offices and clinics in Gonabad, Iran from March 2022 to March 2023. Participants were randomly allocated to the intervention (Nigella sativa 1000 mg/day) and control (10 mg/day medroxyprogesterone from the 14th day of the cycle for 10 nights) groups. The study duration was 16 weeks. Ovarian volume (measured by ultrasound), anthropometric and blood pressure; serum testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), luteinizing hormone (LH), hirsutism severity (Ferriman-Gallwey score) levels were evaluated before and after the study. Data from 103 participants (control group = 53, intervention group = 50) were analyzed. The mean age of participants was 17.0 (Interquartile range [IQR]:2.0). The mean difference in hirsutism score changes (p < 0.001), right (p = 0.002), and left (p = 0.010) ovarian volume, serum LH (p < 0.001) and testosterone (p = 0.001) were significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group. The frequency of oligomenorrhea, menometrorrhagia, and amenorrhea, were significantly reduced after the study in the intervention group compared to the control group (ps < 0.001). Conclusions: Short-term Nigella sativa supplementation may be effective in reducing ovarian volume and improving hormonal balance, and menstrual irregularities in adolescents with PCOS. Further research and long-term studies are warranted to validate the potential therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa in adolescents with PCOS.
- This study evaluates the efficacy of a novel mucoadhesive patch containing Nigella sativa 10% extract compared to triamcinolone 0.1% in alleviating symptoms and reducing lesion severity in patients with erosive-atrophic oral lichen planus. A pilot study comprising two groups, each with 10 patients, was conducted. The intervention group received mucoadhesive patches containing N. sativa 10% extract, while the control group received triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% patches. Pain and burning intensity, measured through visual analog scale, and lesion severity based on the Thongprasom scale were assessed weekly for 4 weeks. Descriptive records were kept for side effects and patient satisfaction. Pain and burning intensity decreased in both groups throughout the sessions, with the N. sativa group showing a greater reduction than the triamcinolone group. The reduction in burning intensity within each group was significant (p < .001), and there was a significant difference between groups only in the second session (p = .045). The overall difference between groups was not significant (p > .05). Lesion severity also decreased significantly in both groups (p < .001), with a significant difference between groups observed in the third session (p = .043) and overall throughout the study (p = .006). Conclusion: The use of N. sativa extract in mucoadhesive patches was as effective as corticosteroids in reducing pain, burning, and lesion severity in patients with oral lichen planus, with N. sativa showing superior results in some sessions. Notably, no significant complications were observed with N. sativa use, making it a promising treatment option for lichen planus.
- This study aimed to explore the impact of N. sativa supplementation on the lipid profile of adult participants. We searched Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases until December 2022. Random effects models were used, and pooled data were determined as standardized mean differences with a 95% confidence interval. The findings of 34 studies with 2278 participants revealed that N. sativa supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) (SMD: -1.78; 95% CI: -2.20, -1.37, p < 0.001), triglycerides (TG) (SMD: -1.2725; 95% CI: -1.67, -0.83, p < 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (SMD: -2.45; 95% CI: -3.06, -1.85; p < 0.001) compared to control groups. However, a significant increase was found in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (SMD: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.38, 1.20, p < 0.001). Conclusion: N. sativa has improved effects on TG, LDL-C, TC, and HDL-C levels. Overall, N. sativa may be suggested as an adjuvant anti-hyperlipidemic agent.
- In this double-blind clinical trial, 70 nulliparous pregnant women referred to Hajar Hospital and Imam Ali clinics of Shahrekord and had missed abortion before the 12-week gestational age were selected and randomly divided into two interventions and control groups. The intervention group received 5 g of Nigella sativa oil alone daily for up to 3 days and the control group received a placebo. In case of nonresponse, 3 days after the last dose of medication or placebo, 800 μg of misoprostol (vaginal) were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, independent t-test and paired t-test were used for analytical statistics. According to the results, 18 cases (51.4%) in the intervention group and seven cases (20%) in the control group showed complete evacuation of uterine contents which had a significant difference (p < 0.05). The frequency of vagina physical examination and type of hemorrhage did not show any significant difference between the two groups before and after the intervention. After the intervention, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was significantly decreased in the intervention group but did not change in the control group (p < 0.05). The frequency of adverse events in the intervention group was three (8.6%) and in the control group was one (2.9%) which had no significant difference. Conclusion: Nigella sativa improves the outcome of missed abortion by reducing HCG and facilitating cervix dilatation and delivery of uterine contents.
- This systemaatic review evaluated the role of Nigella spp in managing allergic rhinitis (AR), a comprehensive review through systematic reviews and meta-analyses was conducted. To carry out a meta-analysis of clinical trials that used Nigella spp in treating AR based on current data. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. Various databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Science Direct, Springer Link and the Cochrane Library, were searched until October 2023 to obtain RCTs assessing impact of Nigella spp in the control of AR. The current meta-analysis was carried out with a random-effects model. There were 8 studies enrolled, and our meta-analysis findings revealed that, relative to the control group, observation group exhibited the markedly increased total effective rate for allergic rhinitis treatment (odds ratio [OR] = 4.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] (2.57, 7.27), and p < 0.00001); three studies showed that the effect of Nigella spp for nasal symptoms treatment among patients with allergic rhinitis was superior in observation group to control group [mean difference = -2.60, 95% CI (-2.82, -2.38), p < 0.00001]; adverse effects occurred in five studies, all of which were transient, did not require medical intervention, and were not statistically significant between the two groups [OR = 1.01, 95% CI (0.59, 1.73), p = 0.98]. Conclusion: The observation group demonstrated relative safety and had an enhanced effect on allergic rhinitis treatment and total nasal symptom improvement than the control group. The inclusion of fewer studies and the lower quality of trial design might affect the stability of the results. However, the evidence-based findings that Nigella spp for allergic rhinitis treatment is more accurate should be validated in future large-scale, multicenter, and well-designed RCTs.
Yes, I know: the evidence is not perfect for any of the indications. In addition, there is a problem with low bioavailability. And I am suspicious of any SCAM that seems to be effective for an incredibly long list of conditions.
At the same time, I have to admit that, collectively, the research on BSO is impressive. As BSO has been used for centuries (as a spice etc.), serious adverse effects seem unlikely. The evidence regarding its effectiveness might not be fully convincing but, in my book, it is encouraging.
