MD, PhD, MAE, FMedSci, FRCP, FRCPEd.
Patients receiving spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) for low back pain (LBP) are less likely to be prescribed opioids. However, the clinical implications of this finding are unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that opioid-naïve adults receiving SMT for LBP are less likely to develop opioid use disorder (OUD) compared to matched controls prescribed ibuprofen over 2 years follow-up.
The researchers queried a United States data resource (TriNetX) for patients age ≥ 18 years with a new episode of LBP with/without sciatica from 2015 to 2023 (allowing for up to 2 years of follow-up to 2025), excluding those with serious pathology, OUD, and opioid prescription. They divided patients into cohorts:

  • (1) SMT,
  • (2) ambulatory ibuprofen prescription,

using propensity matching for OUD risk factors. The primary outcome was the risk ratio (RR) of OUD. The RR for long-term opioid use, and opioid prescription RR and mean count were also explored. Primary analyses conducted in TriNetX and R used logistic regression for matching, standardized mean difference to assess between-cohort balance (threshold of ≤ 0.1), and contingency tables for RRs, using a significance threshold of p < 0.05.

24,993 patients remained per cohort following matching. Comparing the SMT cohort to ibuprofen cohort, there was a significantly lower incidence and risk of OUD [95% CI] (0.24% vs. 1.51%; RR = 0.20 [0.15, 0.28]; p < 0.001), long-term opioid use (0.42% vs. 1.85%; RR = 0.23 [0.18, 0.28]; p < 0.001), and opioid prescription (30.96% vs. 45.00%; RR = 0.69 [0.67, 0.71; p < 0.001]). SMT recipients also received fewer opioid prescriptions [standard deviation] (1.0 [3.3] vs. 2.1 [5.7]; p < 0.001).
The authors concluded that, in this retrospective cohort study, adults receiving SMT for LBP with or without sciatica had a significantly lower risk of developing OUD over a 2-year follow-up compared to those prescribed ibuprofen. These findings align with prior research associating SMT with reduced opioid prescription and related harms. These results highlight the potential role of SMT as a guideline-concordant opioid-sparing LBP intervention. Future research should explore whether similar associations exist across other forms of nonpharmacologic care and in different patient populations.
It is not often that I encounter such misleading research published by apparently reputable institutions!
Let me explain.
The researchers created 2 cohorts of LBP-patients: one who received SMT and one who was treated pharmacologically mostly by doctors. The former group were predominantly in the hands of chiropractors, a profession that has a long tradition of and is well-known for being against all drugs. The researchers observed that this group had less problems related to the drug treatment of LBP and conclude that SMT is accociated with less drug-related problems.
Isn’t it obvious that the causative factor here is not the SMT but the chiropractors’ advice to stay clear of all drugs? Isn’t it obvious that the findings are largely unrelated to “the potential role of SMT”?
In case you have not got my point: SMT might be total rubbish, but advising against drugs for LBP is good for reducing the risk of OUD.

13 Responses to Spinal Manipulative Therapy for Low Back Pain and Opioid Use Disorder

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